Bob Knowlton Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sway Knowlton investigation - Case Study Example Knowlton felt compromised in light of the fact that Fester rushed to spot issues, thought about things that he had scarcely learned at the lab, and could without any assistance tackle gigantic issues some of which had been relinquished long time back. Putrefy was insightful, certain and secure yet what Bob neglected to see was that he was a poor cooperative person. How Fester Threatened Knowlton: From the very first moment, Fester clarified that he had gigantic information. He revealed to Knowlton he could determine what his venture was about by just taking a gander at the charts. Knowlton rushed to recognize this when he met Jerrold the following day. Putrefy was acquainted with different individuals from the group and proceeded to tell Link, the mathematician, what he was fouling up. Putrefy tested the gathering thinking, trusting it just prompted unremarkableness. Knowlton had consistently trusted in bunch thinking and Fester had abruptly thought of arrangements without any assistance which made Knowlton question the adequacy of gathering thinking. Putrefy would frequently think of investigation and logical information that Knowlton was uninformed of. Rather than aiding Knowlton comprehend what he was discussing, Fester would energetically continue clarifying his hypotheses anticipating that everybody should definitely realize what he was discussing. This gave him a prevalent status while every other person felt second rate compared to him. During one gathering, he tested Link's perspective and offered answer for a difficult that Link had since quite a while ago relinquished inclination that it couldn't be explained. Rot likewise called attention to the shortcomings in different tests and testing technique and guaranteed that if this strategy were followed, come about would be uncertain. Fester's... This paper presents Bob Knowlton’s qualities. Bounce Knowlton had been working with Simmons Laboratories for a long time and had been made task head as of late. He was a pioneer whom individuals adored and regarded. He had a decent connection with company’s head, Mr. Jerrold. He was a competent pioneer who might appreciate creating associations with others and energized bunch thinking. He felt that while there were a few issues that couldn't be settled by bunch thinking, much of the time, the thoughts that rose up out of such a methodology were useful. Knowlton had been advanced when he had unintentionally unearthed the possibility of photon reactor. Knowlton was persevering and appreciated remaining late in the workplace. This helped him locate some peaceful chance to thoroughly consider different issues and to evaluate project’s progress. He was a man with a customary yet exceptionally appreciated style of authority. The paper additionally showed Knowltonâ€⠄¢s botch. Knowlton was felt so compromised by Fester that he completely blinded himself to his undeniable blemishes. Had Knowlton been progressively secure and certain about himself, he would have conversed with Jerrold and pointed those blemishes. It would have then gotten simpler to see that Fester would never supplant Knowlton as the pioneer on the grounds that Knowlton was a genuine cooperative person a key attribute of a decent pioneer and a pre-essential for turning into an innovator in any case. Bounce Knowlton ought to have concentrated on his own qualities as a pioneer. He definitely realized that he couldn’t perhaps think about everything except for he was a decent pioneer who could utilize his people’s qualities for his potential benefit.

Octavio Paz Essays - Guggenheim Fellows, Octavio Paz, The Paz Show

Octavio Paz Amelia Freno Mrs.Broglie Multi-Culture Unit 3 Febuary 2001 Ocatavio Paz: clothes to newfound wealth ?This is an irreplacceable misfortune for contemporary idea and culture - not only for Latin America however for the whole world,? said Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo. This was the basic lost shared around the world. Octavio Paz was known for some things in his lifetime, for example, his works of verse and papers, on account of his fine works of expressions he frequently gotten numerous honors and recognizations for his aptitudes and capacities recorded as a hard copy. Paz's compositions frequently mirror his own youth encounters and permitted him to incorperation his way of life and perspection of this local environmental factors. Octavio Paz lets his culture sparkle however his works from various perspectives paz frequently descrides his local backrounds, interwinded certain slang words and examplifies his youth encounters all through his works. Octavio Paz was conceived on March 31 1914 in Mexico City. The two sides of Paz's family originated from various ethnic roots. His Fathers side was a gathering known as Mestizo from a state known as Jalisco. His Father was a legal counselor who was involed in the Mexican Insurgency. His granddad was a notable jurnalist who battled against the French. Octavio's mom's side were simply Spanish imigrants. As a little fellow Octavio Paz encountered the consequence of urbanlization to his town, Paz reviews: ?We lived in a huge house with a nursery. Our family had been devastated by the unrest and the common war. Our home, loaded with classical furnishings, books and different items, was bit by bit disintegrating to bits. As rooms fallen we moved the furnitur into another. I recall that for quite a while I lived in an extensive room with part of one of the dividers missing. Some eminent screens ensured me deficiently from the breeze and downpour . A creeper attacked my room......?. The civl war and Mexican Revolution appears to greatly affect his compositions. It appears to have given Paz a more noteworthy feeling of domestics and pride for his way of life and local lands. Octavios father was on impact on him since he had partaken as a legal advisor in the Mexican Revolution, which gave Paz a sence of reality in the unrest. Paz most likely got his interesting writting capacities from his granddad who frequently assaulted the French . This makes it astonishing that Paz's compositions can be so quiet with his persuasions being so intense. That demonstrates Paz has the qualtities to be independant and conflict with the blurs. The greatest impact on Paz's composing isn't an individual ,yet a thing. It is his nursery in his terrace. Octavio makes numerous references to this wilderness like nursery in his compositions. Octavio even refered to this nursery in his 1990 honorable discourse: ? The Garden before long turned into the focal point of my reality; the library, a captivated cavern . I used to peruse and play with my cousins and classmates. There was a fig, sanctuary of vegetation, four pine trees, three debris tress, a nightshade, a pomegranate tree, wild grass and thorny plants that delivered purple nibbles. Adobe dividers. Time was flexible; space was a turning wheel. Record-breaking, past or future, genuine or nonexistent, was unadulterated nearness. Space changed itself constantly. The past was here, everything was here: a vally, a mountain, a removed nation, the neighboors' patio....? Octavio puts together a considerable lot of his sonnets with respect to his charm with the nursery. Paz had extraordinary regard for his way of life, he appoached the distinctions and attempted to live inside the set principles of his ethnic roots. The Mexicans/Spaniards are known as hard works and appeciate their profit. Octavio went however many unpleasant occasions as a youngster for example, when Zapata ( a worker chief of Mexico's 1910-1920 upheaval) was killed in 1919, and the Paz family went into brief outcast in Los angeles and there they were offering household items to make a decent living. Octavio before long made things change for himself. Paz with his interlecture mind and his politic sense made certain to be going far. At 16 years old he got his first sonnet distributed and after a year he got his first exposition distributed. In 1937 he ventured out to numerous nations, for example, Valenica and Spain to partake in the International Congress of Hostile to Fascist Writers. He made his excursion back to Mexico in 1938 we he started to set up a diary called Taller, a diary

Didnt You Graduate

Didn’t You Graduate Ill begin with a flashback. Scene: On my way back from my daily trip to get fruit snacks from the vending machine. Bryan runs into friend who had been participating in the Cambridge-MIT Exchange the last year. Bryan: Hey, long time no see. How was Cambridge? Friend: I really liked it, but Im glad to be back. Bryan: Cool. Friend: Werent you supposed to have graduated by now? What happened? Bryan: Im actually starting grad school. Friend: Oh thats better. Bryan: Right. Friend: OK, well Ill talk to you later. Bryan: /end awkward situation zomg ben jones blogger alum?!?!?!? did you really have to remind me? Can I at least be Bryan O. 07, 12? So the purpose of this entry is to somewhat reintroduce myself and talk about life post MIT at MIT. I graduated June 8 and I was in lab on June 9. Welcome to graduate school! (I actually chose not to take the summer off) Enough sarcasm though, Ive really enjoyed my research and being able to continue looking at unanswered questions that I now have time to dedicate to. This summer, Ive been working for my UROP advisor, Linda Griffith, with a variety of projects pertaining to our central goal of developing a high throughput bioreactor for tissue engineering applications. Aside from my time in lab, Ive been learning how to cook and clean and all of the other skills required of adulthood. OH and if you think you can do everything at MIT in four years, Ive actually done something that I never once did while an undergrad SAILING! I officially start graduate school in a week pursuing my PhD in Biological Engineering. I graduated from MIT in June with my BS in Mechanical Engineering so it is possible to switch fields. And it also is possible to stay at MIT for grad school if you were an MIT undergrad. So hopefully, my graduation date will be the same as those of you who are applying for admission to the Class of 2012! By the time I graduate, I will have spent 1/3 of my life at MIT. This will be the longest Ive ever spent at one educational institution in my life. I went to 2 different elementary schools, 3 different middle schools, and 2 different high schools. And maybe if Im cool enough, I can become an MIT Lifer (you just found out one of my secret life goals GASP). One of the most challenging things as of late has been graduating but still staying at the same place. Part of growing up is knowing when its time to part ways with things that are still fond to your heart in order to move forward. So with that said, my days of partying and running here and there from event to event may be fewer and far between. Even though Im still a student, graduate school is somewhat an apprenticeship in which you prepare yourself for a career in research and since Id like to go into academia, I need to be focused. With that said, there are certain things that I cannot part ways with because they still remain to be very important to me. One of those things is this blog. I cant tell you how many people told me not to apply to MIT because of the weird people they believed to be at MIT. Not to say that I dont have personal quirks like any other human being, MIT is great place to learn, see, and do. That is a fact that does not change depending on your status, undergrad/grad/alum/faculty/staff. I look forward to coming to school, meeting really interesting people, and challenging myself further. That attitude is part of what makes MIT the place that it is. Everyone has energy and is motivated by something. However, now that Im graduated, I think I may focus more on things that are more abstract and not about events and activities. Another aspect of my life that I cannot part with is the community that helped me through my undergraduate experience, my fraternity. One of my biggest pieces of advice about college is that you find a community in which you feel you belong and will support you. Im not going to lie and say its a cakewalk. MIT is challenging, theres no doubt about that, but having people who are willing to be there by your side is really important. Recognizing that graduate school would provide a similar amount of challenges as undergrad, I felt that having a community that even as a grad student would remain to be supportive was a crucial and important thing to me. However, dont expect Old School 2 out of me. Im going to be helping them out with advice, career planning, and general getting through MIT skills (you can call me a grandpa, its okay) So as I enter this new phase at MIT, Im excited by the challenges that will face me and Im excited to meet new people. For those of you arriving on campus or for those of you have already arrived, grad students dont bite, so say hi if you ever see me around. Ill want to take breaks from lab eventually :) And for those of you applying, Im in a privileged situation in which I got to apply to MIT twice, so Ive had two times as many application seasons, scholarship applications, and challenging decisions to make when it comes to selecting a school. So even though Im not an undergrad anymore, Im still MIT through and through and will try with the new chapter of entries that I will write to talk about what Ive gained from my education, lessons you learn at MIT, and what its like to be here even at age 22. And Ill throw in some throwback entries every now and then/all the entries I wish I had written when I was still an undergrad. OH and IM INTERVIEWING FOR MIT THIS YEAR :) SWEET

Culture Is Defined By Merriam Webster - 894 Words

Culture is defined by Merriam Webster as â€Å"the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group. Also, the characteristic features of everyday existence (as diversions or a way of life) shared by people in a place or time† (Culture). Although I agree with the majority of this definition; however, I do think it is limited by racial, religious or social group because there are more than those three groups that could be considered a culture which is why I would define culture as the latter definition that is any characteristic feature that is by any group of people. Furthermore, these cultures are constantly changing over time because the groups of people will change behaviors and characteristic features depending on how the world around them is changing. For example, with the emergence of technology and globalization, we have many new intersecting cultures present within the most individual cultures, which can create privilege or o ppression for that culture based on the in/out group hierarchical behavior that has been explored through analyzing my previous encounters within a triple dorm last year. The most useful strategies that can be implemented to learn about the norms and expectations include understanding the intersectionality of the cultures, understanding the non-verbal and verbal communicative practices and remaining flexible within the preconceived notations about the norms or expectations of that different cultural group.Show MoreRelatedEssay about The True Meaning of Religion540 Words   |  3 PagesThe True Meaning of Religion Religion is the service and worship of God or the supernatural: a commitment or devotion to religion faith or observance defines the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. According to the Encarta World Dictionary, religion is peoples beliefs and opinions concerning the existence, nature, and worship of a deity or deities and divine involvement in the universe and human life. The definitions of the word religion vary from dictionary to dictionary, country to countryRead MoreInterview With A Professional Nurse964 Words   |  4 PagesBaptist, or are educated or not. Carissa believes that we, as nurses, have to be open to all our patients and not take their decisions and choices personally. These patients will make choices that we may not agree with, most have their own beliefs, cultures or values and we have to honor and respect their choices. Our attitude toward our patients should remain neutral and objective. 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In American society, we have borrowed many ideal of how to deal with crime and the study of crime through a science. This â€Å"scientific approach to studying criminal behavior† (Siegel, 2012, p. 4) is called criminology and the people who conduct these scientific tests, studies and theories are criminologists. Culture and deviance are like oil and water; they simply do not mix well. What isRead MoreEssay on What Is Literature and Why Study Literature711 Words   |  3 Pagesthing, not knowing that it is in actuality composed of several elements that we all use in our daily lives. In order to get a clear understanding of exactly what literature is, we must first identify the definition. According to Merriam- Webster, literature is defined as the body of written works produced in a particular language, country, or age; the body of writings on a particular subject : printed matter. This definition however is a bit deceiving in truly understanding what literature reallyRead MoreEssay on History of Rumba, Merengue and Salsa1379 Words   |  6 PagesNettleford was correct when he said, â€Å"’dance was a primary instrument of survival’.† As such a vital part of cultural traditions, dance plays and integral role in the history culture. Three of the most influential styles of dance in the Caribbean are the Rumba, The Merengue, and the Salsa. The word Rumba is defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary as â€Å"a ballroom dance of Haitian and Dominican origin in 2/4 time in which one foot is dragged on every step.† Here, however, Rumba is a collection of percussiveRead MoreManagement vs. Leadership Essay989 Words   |  4 Pagessimilarities, yet there are many differences that separate a manager from a leader. Merriam-Webster defines leadership simply as the office or position of a leader, the capacity to lead, or the act or an instance of leading. They also define manager as a person who conducts business or household affairs, a person whose work or profession is management, or a person who directs a teamÂ… However, Merriam and Webster do not define leadership as it should be. A leader must ensure a healthy organizationalRead MoreBody Mods Are Civil Disobedience Essay752 Words   |  4 Pagescharcoal. Scarification through branding as a cosmetic body alteration likely began in the early days after the i nvention of fire and has been carried on in various ways and by various cultures into the present day. Other forms of body alteration including diverse types of piercing and circumcision are remnants of the cultures from the ancient world. Tattooing and deliberate scarification became other ways of personal expression early on in prehistory, possibly also before fashioned clothing. It isRead MoreAbortion is Not Moral Essay1037 Words   |  5 Pages Abortion; as defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary is, â€Å"the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus. This is the definition of abortion of which I will be reviewing its ethical status. After Roe vs Wade, the supreme court simultaneously decided that women have the right of privacy under the 14th amendment; making it acceptable to abort a pregnancy within the first trimester (Vaughn 119). The main argument on abortionRead MoreThe Mexican And Chinese Cultures988 Words   |  4 PagesCultural diversity is defined as â€Å"the different combinations of cultural and subcultural minorities (e.g. ethnic, racial, national, religious, generational, marital status, socioeconomic, occupational, health status and preference in life partner orientations) coexisting in a given location† (Estes, 2014). The Mexican and Chinese cultures are two cultures from separate geographic continents that I will be an alyzing in this paper. The Chinese culture has numerous different cultures. Hans Chinese will

The Age Of Enlightenment Ideas Lead To Hypocrisy In...

Did Age of Enlightenment ideas lead to hypocrisy in Candide? The â€Å"Age of Reason†, during Europe was a time in history where people started to confide in eachother and themselves when it came to reason and logic; and it was a period when creative ability came to light and it was encouraged. This paper will examine Voltaire s Candide and the way Voltaire mocks religion and how this outlines Enlightenment thought. A decent approach to portray Candide may be the ethical quality play by Voltaire with no ethics. All through the whole play the most exceedingly awful things happen, individuals submit the most shocking acts, kill, assault, genocide, and torment, yet they are depicted in a way that they practically appear to be typical, might†¦show more content†¦Pangloss, a philosopher is depicted all through the novel as an idealistic mastermind who lives by this logic. Candide, who is mentored by Pangloss aimlessly much of the time addresses this reasoning at snapshots of hardship over the span of his life, lastly rejects it, picking to trust that in spite of the fact that the world is not the best of all possible worlds but,â€Å"we must cultivate our garden† (Voltaire 365). Different characters in the book likewise can t help contradicting Pangloss ideals. Jacques who went to Lisbon with Pangloss isn t strong of these ideals. Jacques says â€Å" humankind has corrupted its nature a little, for people were not born wolves, yet they have become wolves. God did not give them heavy cannon or bayonets, yet they have invented them to destroy each other† (Voltaire 309). The book recounts the account of Candide, as he goes through life and endures numerous hardships on account of others. Candide not only suffers, but the people he surrounds himself with suffer the same fate as well. The book does a good job at outlining human suffering that provoked enlightenment ideas to not only challenge it, but to really show their true selves. Each time something bad happens Pangloss shares his idealistic perspective as to why it occurred. The way Candide points these things out, causes the reader to disagree with Pangloss’sShow MoreRelatedA Comparative Study Of Voltaire s And Moliere s Views On Religion1522 Words   |  7 PagesComparative Study of Voltaire s and Molià ¨re’s Views on Religion in Candide and Tartuffe Literary works often reveal their authors views on particular social issues. Tartuffe (1669), a play by Molià ¨re, and Candide (1759), a philosophical tale by Voltaire, both deal with the question of religion in society. Tartuffe is a satire on the attitudes of the bourgeoisie toward religion in seventeenth-century France. Molià ¨re firmly believes in religious moderation and condemns religious hypocrisy and fanaticismRead MoreCandide: a Candid Satire941 Words   |  4 PagesCandide is a humorous, far-fetched story satirizing the optimism promoted by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment . Voltaire uses satire as a means of pointing out injustice, cruelty and bigotry that is commonly found in the human society. Although the tale seems light and comical, Voltaire has more serious intentions behind the laughable plot line. Candide can therefore be classified as a satire because it combines humor and wit to bring about a change in society’s view on matters suchRead MoreThe And Candide Essays : Practical Reason Triumphs Logic1382 Words   |  6 Pagesamongst Catholics and Huguenots. This conflict brought many uncharacteristic thoughts in to society. This religious conflict would lead to a new view of the world in the eyes of those who believed in the enlightenment. Moliere and Voltaire were both influential writers who strongly represented the enlightenment beliefs in their works Tartuffe and Candide. The enlightenment brought up a rather youthful philosophy in the early seventeenth century. This philosophy focused on reason and good sense moreRead MoreCompare Candide and Tartuffe5528 Words   |  23 Pagescharacters, which satirized the Neo-Classic belief system.     Ã‚   In  Candide, Voltaires approach is called black comedy. Many devastating factors play into the characters lives that causes the reader to be amused in a cynical way in order to guard their inner feelings. He challenges society as a whole by the way he implements real life occurrences into his writing and makes them come alive. This becomes evident when Dr. Pangloss told Candide what came of Cunegonde at the castle of Westphalia after he leftRead MoreSocial Issues of Poverty and Class Distinction during the Enlightenment Period2339 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Social Issues of Poverty and Class Distinction during the Enlightenment Time Period Introduction Candide takes the form of a classic journey story and Candide must endure a series of misfortunes and trials before he can be reunited with his beloved and regain a qualified kind of redemption. It is in the misfortunes that Candide and others suffer in the novel that Voltaire cuts through the pretensions and hypocrisies of the Age of Reason (Cohen). The philosopher Pangloss, Candides tutor, insistsRead MoreMWDS Candide4817 Words   |  20 Pages Major Work Data Sheet: Candide Title: Candide Author: Voltaire Date of Publication: 1759 Genre: Satire, ‘Conte Philosophique’ (Philosophical Fiction) Biographical information about the author: Francois-Marie Arouet, better known as Voltaire, was born in 1694 in Paris, France. Though his father wanted him to become a lawyer, Voltaire long held a great passion for writing, and rather than going to law school, spent his time extensively composing poetry, essays, and historical studies. His widespread

Femininity Free Essays

Images in the media today illustrate an unrealistic and even dangerous standard of ideal female beauty hat can have a powerful influence on the way women perceive themselves. The popular culture influences our ides of femininity to the extent that we hold high expectations of a women’s appearance. Society is driven to judge or neglect a woman if they don’t kick a certain way because they compare them to the unrealistic models seen on magazines, television, music videos, and so on. We will write a custom essay sample on Femininity or any similar topic only for you Order Now The media impacts the ideas of femininity to the extent that women are portrayed as sex objects who exist primarily to service men, or as weak individuals. To initiate, mass media is a powerful tool that is used to impact TTS audience in various ways. For instance, when I’m surfing the internet shopping for clothing in websites such as (Forever 21, Hollister, or H M,) the models I perceive are usually extremely thin. When I look at the model info the height of the model tends to be about 5’8†³ or taller and the waist is typically between 23 and 25. The models shown are always wearing a size extra-small or small, and they always appear very young and beautiful. They have perfect facial features and many times have colored eyes. They never display a model wearing anything bigger than a size small almost as if earring a size medium or anything bigger is unacceptable. The ideal expected body is also perceived in beauty pageants such as the Latin show â€Å"Muenster Bella Latin. † Beauty pageants like these push women to exercise a great deal and follow strict diets in order to meet the ideal weight. In one of the episodes that I watched a girl was eliminated simply because she was about two or three pounds over the expected weight. Common women are compared to these ideal models and society believes that in order for a woman to be sexy or attractive they must resemble these models. As a result, any women are disappointed with their bodies and are forced to exercise excessively, suffer anorexia or other eating disorders because they are obsessed with the idea of thinness. Not only are women disappointed with their bodies, but also fear aging and they are driven to various methods such as surgery or anti-aging creams in order to maintain a young appearance. In addition, advertising adds to the ideal image that is expected of woman. Advertising is a powerful force that surrounds us and influences us subconsciously on a daily basis. Advertisements use Photos and create artificial images of women, and women in real life attempt to measure themselves against those images. It gives women the idea that there’s only one way to look good and receive the attention they want or deserve. For example, bikini or lingerie advertisements always have extremely thin woman hinting that a thicker girl would not look good wearing that. Not only does advertising promote the ideal image of a woman, but it also influences the idea that women are just sex objects, and that they are the weaker sex. In many occasions advertisements utilize sex appeal by illustrating naked omen or men who are in control over a woman. In â€Å"Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt,† Jean Kilojoules asserts that â€Å"Male violence is subtly encouraged by ads that encourage men to be forceful and dominant, and to value sexual intimacy more than emotional intimacy’ (422). What Kilojoules states is that men believe sex is more significant and they forget the sentimental value. It is easier for men to identify women as an object because they justify their violent behavior, and if they perceive a woman as an object they overlook the fact that they have feelings and emotions. Moreover, music is another factor that influences ideas of femininity particularly in a negative way. The lyrics used by rappers constantly degrade women by referring to them as â€Å"pitches† and â€Å"host†. Women using their bodies and sexuality to get what they want are what make these words acceptable. In the passage â€Å"From Fly-Girls to Pitches and Host†, Joan Morgan writes â€Å"but many of the ways in which men exploit our images and sexuality in hip-hop is done with our permission and cooperation† (459). What Morgan states, is that females will be willing to expose their dies in a music video or allow rappers to degrade them simply to make money or get attention. There are countless songs that degrade women such as the song â€Å"Pitches anti chit but hoes and tricks. The name of the song is a phrase that is repeated multiple times throughout the song as if once were not enough. Tag, the artist of this song sings, â€Å"Got this bitchy named Tar, she let me buck her in the car, / Like Kim Sardinian she wane be star. † These lyrics suggest that women are good for sex, and deserve no respect. The worse part of the particular songs is that women listen to the m or dance to hem at clubs because they enjoy the beat of the songs, but they are not conscious of the demeaning lyrics. If women themselves listen to these songs it gives society the idea that they can refer to women in such a way. Due to the fact, because women are degraded in this manner, men believe that women are only good for sex and they fail to love them. Yet some readers may challenge my view by saying that popular culture has a minor influence on society’s ideas of femininity. It’s not so much the media but typical gender stereotypes that impact our ideas of femininity. Gender stereotyping begins t a young age, and little girls believe only girls should wear pink or only girls should play with Barbie’s. Many hold stereotypes that women should look a certain way in order to be identified as a woman. People hold stereotypes that women must be classy, and not trashy. Indeed, stereotyping plays a significant role, but as we grow older it’s not so much about the gender stereotypes but rather about what surrounds us on a daily basis that influences our ideas. Once you get older individuals can decide to ignore or put their gender stereotypes aside, but popular culture is something that Anton be ignored by any means. Popular culture is everywhere go, and without a doubt it’s the primary factor that impacts our ideas. Furthermore, there are various steps that the popular culture can take in order to improve the perceptions of women. For instance, beauty pageants should have models that are more like the average woman who are not extremely thin. Beau’ pageants should choose contestants based on their talents rather than their appearance. Advertisements should be appropriate, and not objectify women because they are human beings. They should eliminate advertisements where women are practically naked. In addition, they should not Photos the image of women in advertisements, but rather display the true image of the model. Women need to speak out about how degrading it is to be insulted in music by rappers, and the songs should be banned from the radio. Women should not agree to be degraded simply because they want to be in the music video of some popular rapper. Females must stand up for themselves in order to be treated with respect. In conclusion, even if We tried to ignore it the popular culture constantly influences our ideas of femininity. If the media was not so powerful society would have more realistic perceptions of femininity. Women should be valued for who they truly are because there’s so much more to femininity then just a physical appearance or sex objectification. Females are sensitive individuals who have feelings and emotions, and deserve to be respected. A woman should not be judged if she does not look a certain way because nobody is perfect, and we all have flaws. Females are not Barbie dolls with a perfect little waist or the ideal face, they are real life individuals. How to cite Femininity, Papers

Organizational Culture and National Culture in Multinational Companies free essay sample

Abstract Multinational organizations are combinations of multicultural employees. Multicultural environments cause cultural shock among leaderships and employees. Organizational culture and national culture are significantly important in current marketing environment. Organizational culture mainly shows the value and the roles inside the organization. However, national culture is the directing of organizational culture and influence both leadership and employees deeply from their personal values. Furthermore, the relationship between organizational culture and national culture has impacts on leaderships, employees, job satisfaction as well as the commitment of employees to the organizations. This essay will discuss the issues above, and make introduction about organizational culture, national culture and leadership, and corresponding impacts on employees and organizations as follows: Firstly, a brief summary of the influence given by organizational cultures and national cultures on multinational companies will be made. Secondly, it will discuss the importance of organizational culture and its influences on organizations, leaderships and employees. Thirdly, it will emphasize discuses the significance of national culture and impacts on organizations, leaderships and employees. Fourthly, it will present how leadership is related to i organizational culture and national culture. At last, it will conclude how national culture is stronger than organizational culture in influencing employees in multinational companies. Globalization has a great influence in the booming of multinational companies. Multinational companies encourage the cooperation of versatile national powers. Doing business in different countries integrates the resource utilization and decreases the costs to a large extent. Multinational companies make the cultures of organization diverse. The relationship between leaderships and employees, which is connected to both organizational culture and national culture, is also influential in the development of organizations. However, national cultures and organizational cultures have some potential conflicts in multinational companies. Under this circumstance, it is vital to consider which culture is more valuable than the other to the development of the multinational company. With the rapid economic development over the past a few years, multinational companies has become one of the primary forms of corporation. The construction of these companies promotes not only universal economic growth but also the progress of globalization. Meanwhile, in any overseas country, the establishment of multinational companies might confront various challenges like different working habits and culture conflicts. It is comprehensible that employees from diverse culture backgrounds would have different perspectives on organizational culture in multinational companies. In this case, organizational culture is the collection of practices, traditions, customs, beliefs and values shared by one generation of employees of the organization to the next. National cultures must be considered if accurate predictions need to be made regarding corporate behavior in different countries. Thus, due to the existence of difference between organizational culture and national culture, multinational companies could not avoid facing the challenges. Most of the leaders and workers in a multinational enterprise are from different races and countries. It is unavoidable to confront the issues of culture conflicts when employees working in cooperation. Organizational culture affects the attitudes of employees towards treating personal and professional aims, and the performance of employees when accomplishing tasks. Organizational culture also has great influence on how people think and make decisions as well as the way they feel, act and express. Peter and John (2004, p323) suggests that organizational culture could influence particular aspects considerably in organizations like performance and commitment. Organizational cultures also combine with various forms of cultures. For instance, Wallach (1983) viewes three perspectives of organizational culture, that is, innovative, supportive and bureaucratic. Martin (1992) identified three forms of organizational culture, including fragmentation, differentiation and integration. Goffee and Jones (1998) define four types of organizational cultures, which is communal, fragmented, mercenary and networked. However, in a company, individuals have personal values and beliefs as well as personal desires. On that account, the attitude of employees and commitment to the companies may result in diversity of achievements. National cultures also have some effects on the values, beliefs and personal desires. A variety of countries have multifarious national cultures, giving rise to a culture shock in multinational companies. Cross-cultural research shows that significant differences exist in national culture characteristic between western and eastern cultures (Hofstede, 1980, 1991; El Kahal, 2001; Chen, 2001). For instance, it is widely known that bureaucratic traditional deep-rooted culture and high power distance exist in Chinese companies (Pye, 1985; Chen, 2001). The management of firms in the west and east makes a world of difference. The reason for that is the distinction between the impact of national culture on individual worth and how individual worth adapts to the organizational culture. Furthermore, after organizations in Hong Kong are mostly in power by ethnic Chinese, the Chinese-style high power distance and values of Confucian may make significant change of the organizational cultures. Confucian thinks that loyalty, respect of authority and obedience to the leadership may well be the most crucial (Peter John 2004, p323). A typical example is that the owner or supervisor in Korean and Chinese companies often makes major decisions. According to Hofstede (1980), Australia and America are both low power distance countries. People regard participation, equalitarianism and democracy as ubiquitous. However, they do not think authority is worth considering. As for decision making in these countries, there is much more democracy and equality. Furthermore, the more flexible the leaderships are, the further improvement of the enthusiasm, participation, productivity and satisfaction of the employees. It cannot eliminate the presence of bureaucratic structure in western firms, however the aim is to coordinate business of all levels and achieve the goal. The organizational culture of a firm, leadership and work satisfaction may be hypothesized by national cultures. Cultures consist of many distinct layers or types, national cultures and organizational cultures are parts of them. Organizational culture illustrates the value which is superior in a specific corporation. According to the comparison of the national culture and organizational culture, Hofstede (1991) suggests that national cultures normally show the gap in ingrained values of the corresponding cultures. Understanding of national cultures is beneficial to the development of the relationship among employees and employers. This could form a balance condition between the leadership and the staff. However, national cultures always cause misunderstandings and distance in multinational companies. Furthermore, due to unlike values, gaps among variety of national cultures are normally found in business in several multicultural companies. The organizational culture in a multinational company could build a bridge through cultural barriers, although the deep-rooted values among people in multicultural environment may always exist. Namely, perhaps employees from diverse national cultures are able to adjust to the organizational culture, still, the national cultures of their own may also be persistent in their daily life and business practice. This makes it difficult for the company to socialize employees from different cultures when the organizational culture is against their national culture. National culture and organizational culture are correlated with the behavior of employees. The research shows that national culture has a greater impacts on employees than organizational culture (Dols Silvius 2010, p13). This reflects the self-selection which occurs at the recruiting stage. Multinationals utilize employee selection process to recruit applicants who are appropriate for their organizational culture. Accordingly, the knowledge of national culure is indispensable, in particular in forms of accurate forecasting of employee behavior. At this point, if an enterprise plans to securely establish an efficient culure, it should considers both of national culture and organizational culture. In the multinational companies, national culture causes barriers to the diversity of a company. It makes an influence on hiring new employees who are not so fit in a corporate environment in certain country background. Leaders want the new employees to bring different cultures to the workplace whilst being adjustable to the organizational culture. Employees are under considerable pressure to conform strong cultures. The range of styles and values need to be restrained to some extent. With the aid of strong culture, an enterprise can reinforce cultural diversity by seeking their core culture to appeal to new employees. However, if the attraction and encouragement are effective, people who holds different values to the organization might become isolated and accept institutional bias. National culture is a culture related to individuals, it is ones original culture roots deeply into ones mind since one was born. However, organizational culture is created by others and one must adapt to and even affected by, but only on condition that it fits ones national culture. Leadership is the most important aspect to both success and failure of the companies. The form of leadership influences employee job satisfaction and commitment significantly. Peter and John (2004, p324) state that the style of leadership is often connected with low power distance and a flatter corporate construction. However, organizations that from Asia have much concentrated power and, whats more, central decision making and policy driven, which makes the situation that Asian companies are more based on position, authority and seniority. For instance, Chinese top boss always require guarantee as a symbol of loyalty to the organizations. Society in Chinese is defined as personalism (Peter John 2004, p324). That is, the relationship among employees and employers may make influences on employees commitment and their team spirit, also, better relationship between people leads to greater job satisfaction. Asian companies seem to be more ruled by person and relationship among person than other organizations in America that ruled by law, business rules and top bosses. Furthermore, in American organizations, leaderships are low power distance and normalized. Abilities are much more important than peoples relationships. The more consideration the leadership style is, the greater commitment and job satisfaction will be provided. To conclude, both national cultures and organizational cultures are imperative for multinational organizations in contemporary global environment. However, national cultures are more influential and deep-rooted in multinational organizations. Even organizational regulations are imposed according to national culture. Furthermore, with regard to decision-making, relationships between employees and employers are significantly inevitable in up-to-date business market. Organizational culture is the method to make the organization more outstanding in the market competition. However, national culture is related to the origin of organizational culture. Both of them have different value to multinational companies. Consequently, as the report has mentioned, owing to the value and power system of the organization are depended on the national culture national culture has greater influence on managers and employees in multinational companies. To identify the relationship between national culture and organizational culture could adjust the relationship between employees and leadership. Whats more, cooperation could gain more profits through internal personnel system.

The Language of Euthanasia Essay Example

The Language of Euthanasia Essay Our society is filled with controversial issues. Abortion, prostitution and euthanasia are all issues which lead to many heated debates in everyday conversation. An individuals stance on these topics is often a direct correlate of societys current environment as well as the individuals own value system. These values are often based upon religion, upbringing, and ones own personal experiences. One personal experience that most of us have endured at one point or another is that of having an elderly loved one die. Death and dying are an inevitable part of our existence which we must all face one day. Its interesting then to think that, there are those individuals that make the conscious decision to embrace death while others attempt to put off their last moments on earth. The power and ability to control when death is inflicted may soon become readily available to the elderly and society. Would this not then allow mankind to play God? It is this very question, which in the last decade has come to the forefronts of society, government, and organized religion. With its increasing popularity Euthanasia appears to have become an easy answer to a much more complex underlying problem. In essence then Sheila Grant in her article. The Language of Euthanasia accurately describes the concept of euthanasia as simply being a fancy word used to describe the immoral act of killing another human being whether old or young. We will write a custom essay sample on The Language of Euthanasia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Language of Euthanasia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Language of Euthanasia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As the title of the article indicates the language of euthanasia plays a pivotal role in the issue. The author methodically builds up her position on what exactly the language of Euthanasia is and how it is exploited. The author partially contributes the rising popularity of euthanasia to the fact that society misunderstands the exact connotations attached to the concept. Not being able to fully comprehend the fundamental elements of an issue results in difficulty understanding and arguing that particular issue. In this case advocates of Euthanasia are able to build their case by feeding off societys lack of knowledge. These advocates use euphemisms like deliverance, death with dignity, aid-in-dying and gentle landing. If their position has to be promoted with euphemisms, this may be due to the fact that the use of accurate, descriptive language would make the distressing reality too apparent. Its disturbing then to think that it is the definition of a term that often compels one to take either a negative or positive approach on an issue. Confusion has clearly reined throughout society about the exact meaning of Euthanasia. This is clearly illustrated in the article with the example of the CBC talk show host. In this particular example the host is provided with a faulty definition instead of the more precise medical definition of Euthanasia. This new inaccurate definition results in the talk show host altering his original belief of the concept. Had the host been adequately educated he would have stood his ground and not altered his beliefs. This proves the point that there is a lack of consistency in the use of the term Euthanasia. To examine the term in itself, euthanasia, is any action taken to help procure death. It is here that we must understand that Euthanasia is different from prolonging inevitable death. Instead euthanasia is deliberately causing the death of someone who is not dying. It is the intentional killing usually by the act of omission of a dependent human being for their alleged benefit. In the past euthanasia included both voluntary and involuntary termination of life. This was the main contention for mass confusion. It has for this reason become vital to differentiate between what is euthanasia and what isnt. One way to distinguish what is and isnt euthanasia is to examine the last act of the third party before death occurs. If without this last act death would not have occurred then euthanasia has been committed. This act by the third party is what essentially brings upon death, without this act death would only have occurred naturally. The act can then be viewed inherently as one of killin g. Euthanasia is therefore not about the right to die, instead it entails the right to kill. Some might state that kill is too harsh a word for euthanasia but the word kill means to cause death. The actions taking place in euthanasia do kill a person therefore euthanasia is an act of killing another human being. This is a direct violation of our moral code of conduct. To encourage euthanasia is to encourage the act of killing and suicide. This opens up many ethical and moral implications as suicide is considered a mortal sin. The Judaeo-Christian belief condemns all suicide whether it be is assisted or not. They believe that euthanasia violates ones natural desire to live. We are born into this world to live and when it is our time to die we die. To hasten along this process is tampering with nature. Pope John Paul II, stated during a speech on October 7th 1979 Almighty God, our Father, You have given us life and intended us to have it forever, grant us Your blessings. Enlighten our minds to an awareness and to a renewed conviction that all life is sacred because it is created in Your image and likeness. Help us to teach by word and the example of our lives that life occupies the first place, that human life is precious because it is the gift of God, whose love in infinite. Give us the strength to defend human life against every influence or actio n that threatens or weakens it, as well as the strength to make every life more human in all its aspects. From this it is quite clear that life is a gift which God has bestowed upon us and only God has the right to take it away from us. Another human being should not have enough power to decide whether a human being lives or dies. Ethically speaking as well euthanasia is also considered an immoral act. Take for example the age old Hippocratic Oath that every doctors pledges. This oath states that even gravely defected babies should be treated like any other patient. It is only if the treatment doesnt help the child that they are then allowed to die they should not be killed. Every human life should be worth preserving regardless of the quality of life criteria this is the view that morals, religion, and the medical profession all advance. Hippocrates further advances this position by stating that medicine is to do away with the suffering of the sick, to lesson the violence of their diseases, and to refuse to treat those who are overmastered by their diseases is realising that in such cas es medicine is powerless. When doctors aid in the process of euthanasia they are violating the very principles they have pledged to abide by. We look to doctors as being in a position to exert tremendous influence as they alone have all the medical facts. Nevertheless, every year there are thousands of cases of malpractice reported against doctors. Being human even doctors are prone to human error. Is it then wise to endow so much clout and blind faith into the hands of such medical professionals? There have also been reported cases where patients have been coerced and exploited either by their doctors or family members into accepting this course of action. This brings much concern as death can them be used to facilitate ones own self-interests. Another important factor causing concern is the timing involved in taking such an extreme measure as euthanasia. The patient is often enduring unbearable pain which may cloud their judgement. In making the choice to opt for euthanasia the patient often cant see beyond that short term benefits of such actions. To them euthanasia becomes a permanent solution to a temporary problem. They see it as a release to their pain and suffering. Often times though all they require is effective pain management through medication or counselling . These methods can greatly alleviate physical and emotional pain and allow a person to have an enjoyable life; one which they would have lost had they embraced euthanasia. The author goes on to explain that even the families of patients facing the choice of euthanasia are swamped with grief, fear, and guilt. These are all emotions which limit the clarity required to make such a complex decision often resulting in a haphazard and emotionally laden decision. Nevertheless, unfortunately if for some reason Euthanasia is legalized perhaps there should be a mandatory waiting period as well as counselling sessions. By providing such services both the patient and their family would be required to reflect on both the short term and long term implications of their decision. Commonly financial restraints also play a huge role in both the short and long term implications. With the baby boomers aging and with a greater burden being placed on our health care system it has been suggested that euthanasia be used as a means of health care cost containment. With hospitals budgets being slashed these institutions are likely to benefit financially from providing less, rather than more, care for their patients. Its not wise then to completely trust such institutions as they have their own priorities which may not always coincide with those of the patients. In order to survive the healthcare system in Canada has started on the road to privatization. There are millions of individuals who across the world dont have access to medical insurance, medication, or pain control. In the future with this privatized system treatments would only be available to those able to pay for them. Then the dangerous circumstances arise where euthanasia becomes the only affordable choice for an individual. This results in the further widening of the gap between the poor and rich and where wealth and power are the deciding factors between life and death, not God. In conclusion then we must begin to understand that we as able bodied humans see things from a narrow scope. Often times the disabled or sick are content with their lives and we merely inflict death on then due to our lack of compassion and understanding towards their condition. Education is necessary in order for us to completely understand what these individuals endure. Without such knowledge how can any of us make the choice for them between life and death? Euthanasia has undoubtedly become a matter of public concern as it can lead to tremendous abuse, exploitation and erosion of care for the most vulnerable people among us. There was a time when we had social restraints protecting the weak and sick today even these are eroding leaving a world where people selection has become the norm. We must uphold such restraints if we wish to continue to live in a civilized moral society. Sidebar: Documenting Your Wishes Sidebar: What Are Advance Directives? Sidebar: Are Living Wills Honored? Glossary Sabina and Perry Elfmont talked often about how they would face death. As a retired physician, 88-year-old Perry had seen many of his patients suffer at the end. Perry had lived a rich life with his wife of more than 30 years. He had run the New York blood bank and, despite his age, he still could enjoy theater and museums. He and his 78-year-old wife traveled, making visits to his homeland of France. They took walks in New York City, where they shared an apartment. A voracious reader, Perry was fluent in five languages. A Living Will Perry told Sabina if he became seriously ill he didnt want heroic measures if it meant he wouldnt live his life to the fullest anymore. Perry had suffered three heart attacks that forced him to retire from his active physician practice after 25 years. He knew exactly what life-prolonging interventions could be imposed if he reached a critical stage. Perry completed a living will and delineated what he did not want if he became incapacitated, including resuscitation, mechanical respiration, and renal dialysis. It even included his desire to be cremated at burial. One May morning in 1994, Perry woke up disoriented. Sabina found her husband in a state of confusion and paranoia. She immediately called his doctor. A stroke was a possibility so he told Sabina to bring Perry immediately to Mt. Sinai Medical Center emergency room. Sabina brought a copy of his living will. Perrys cardiologist had a copy and Sabina wanted the attending doctors and hospital to know his wishes. Do Not Resuscitate Once her husband was moved to a bed, Sabina informed the attending residents that he had a do not resuscitate (DNR) order. She then filed the information with the hospital. It simply came naturally to me because I knew his opinion about having unnecessary things done. Sabina stayed by Perrys side until Perrys son, Andrew, came by on the second day. Sabina went home to get some rest, a decision she says she will regret forever. When she returned the next morning, her husbands hands were restrained and he looked terrible. Sabina asked what had happened. She was told that Perry had gone into respiratory arrest in the middle of the night and they had resuscitated him. Sabina looked over at Perry. He was tethered to his bed, unable to speak, unable to do anything. All the fears he had expressed in their conversations had come true. The events of that evening are now the subject of a lawsuit between Sabina and Andrew Elfmont and Mt. Sinai. But essentially the medical resident on staff resuscitated Perry after the DNR order had been countermanded by a physician overseeing his care. Sabina says Perrys cardiologist admitted that a mistake had been made. She confronted a neurologist who was treating her husband. I said, How could you do it? A living will is a patients wish.' Sabina says the doctor told her his job was to keep patients alive, not to let them die. When she asked why her husbands hands were in restraints, she was told it was to prevent him from yanking out his tubes. He knew exactly what he wanted to do, she said. Twenty-Seven Months Two days later, Perry was released from Mt. Sinai and he and Sabina spent the next 27 months together in their apartment. Although Perry could initially walk with difficulty, he was depressed and despondent. He couldnt speak, he couldnt read, and he couldnt care for himself. His friends found it hard to visit, says Sabina. She hired a nurse to care for him to help keep his life as normal as possible at home. But Perry didnt have much of a life, she says. He wouldnt get up in the morning unless Sabina woke him; he wouldnt eat unless food was put in front of him; and he couldnt hold a conversation. Toward the latter part of his life, he lost bodily function. After a few months at home, Perry refused to go outside. He did not want to be in a wheelchair. Sabina says she was so worried that he would commit suicide that she only left the apartment to go to the bank and supermarket. A Widows Crusade In August 1996, Perry died at home at age 90. Sabina and Andrew cremated him and spread his ashes in France. While still grieving Perrys loss, Sabina has become a crusader for assuring the rights of the terminally ill. A Polish-born Holocaust survivor, Sabina says if she had been with Perry the night he almost died, she would have respected his wishes. I wouldnt have let there be a resuscitation. As hard as that would be, I know how important it was to him. New York attorney Lewis Fishlin, who represents Sabina and Andrew, says that Perry should have been permitted to die. This is not a man who meandered around the subject [of death]. This is a man who focused clearly on what his wishes were and made it clearly known. Sabinas message to others: If you have a living will, be on top of it. Perrys experience taught her that its not when you die, its how you die. A living will should be enough, but it seems it didnt work . . . Once you write a living will, put your family around the table and talk to them about it, she says. Perry talked to me very often about it. Sabina, now 80, isnt sure whether she can sustain a legal battle with a major New York hospital but she says for Perry she must try. I wanted to fulfill his wishes and they didnt let me. Association for the right to die with dignity To enjoy the closing years of our life to the full, we need every possible reassurance about the way it will come to an end. Will the end of our life be left to mere chance ? Will it depend on somebody elses decision ? Will our final moments be prolonged against our will until our physical degradation is complete? Should we be entitled to make decisions about our last moment before anybody else, namely relatives, friends or physicians ? Have you ever asked yourselves those questions ? We have, and these very questions are the reason why our association was created. ADMD (the Association for the Right to Die with Dignity) campaigns for the right to end ones life in a peaceful, dignified manner. This can be achieved only if one is given full freedom of choice regarding ones last moment in the near or in the distant future. ADMDs goal is to promote change not only in the minds of the general public, but also in the way the healthcare profession responds to end the moral misery, physical decay and unnecessary pain preceding and accompanying death. ADMD strongly objects to resorting to euthanasia for political, social or economic purposes. Ever since 1980, ADMD has relentlessly crusaded for the right for all to receive the best pain relief and to refuse any unnecessary prolongation of life by medical means. Those legitimate demands have now been met by a French government memo (ministerial circular of May 1995) which recognises the patients new rights. However, a law is now required to ensure compliance with the circular in everyday situations. ADMDs priority is to get the authorities to endorse a declaration of the will to die with dignity , a genuine living will enabling those requesting it formally to receive active assistance in dying. ADMD is open to everyone irrespective of their political or religious backgrounds. Though formerly virtually unknown or misunderstood, the ideas advocated by the Association have gained ground among the public at large. Several opinion surveys clearly indicate that an overwhelming majority of the French people supports the right to an assisted death when patients experience pain and suffering which have become unacceptable in their own judgement You do not accept physical degradation : this is your own decision.

Perseverence Essay Essays

Perseverence Essay Essays Perseverence Essay Essay Perseverence Essay Essay Rachel Summer 2006 Honors English Perseverance Essay In My Sister’s Keeper and The Five People You Meet in Heaven, characters demonstrate the quality of perseverance. To persevere is to â€Å"persist in a purpose, idea, or task in the face of obstacles or discouragement†, according to The American Heritage College Dictionary. Characters in each book go about different ways showing perseverance throughout their lives. Yet no matter what, perseverance in the characters always comes down to the bottom line of never giving up. My Sister’s Keeper is filled with examples of perseverance. Anna, the main character, is a matched donor for her older sister Kate who was diagnosed with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) at a young age. Throughout her whole life, Anna has gone through numerous blood donations, bone marrow donations, and surgeries so that Kate has a chance at survival. After Kate’s kidneys start to fail, Anna’s parents want her to donate a kidney to her sister. Therefore, Anna files a lawsuit against her parents for medical emancipation so she can make her own medical decisions. Throughout the book, the reader is led to believe that Anna is pursuing this lawsuit because she has gotten fed up with being the one to donate parts of her body such as lymphocytes and bone marrow for her sister’s well being, but in the end the story twists. It turns out that Anna has gone against her parents wishes because her sister asked her to. Kate is sick of having to be in the hospital and doesn’t want to have to go through yet another surgery, she has accepted death. Anna showed perseverance because she never gave up in supporting and loving her sister. Even when Anna’s mom was upset with her about the lawsuit and even when Anna had to sell her most prized possession, the locket her dad gave her that she never took off, in order to hire a lawyer, she continued to do what she felt was right. The whole time Anna never lets out that it was Kate who convinced her to file the lawsuit in the first place. Other characters in My Sister’s Keeper showed perseverance in their actions too. Kate showed perseverance in how she faced the challenges of dealing and living daily with a serious illness. Kate loved her family and wanted to reduce the impact her illness had on her sister and family thereby asking Anna to file the lawsuit. Anna and Kate’s parents showed perseverance by constantly pursuing new treatment options to help cure Kate or prolong her life. No matter how many surgeries or transfusions it took, they wanted to try everything. Even Campbell, Anna’s lawyer, showed perseverance. He would tell people ridiculous lies about what his service dog, Judge, did for him, never letting anyone know that it was for his seizures. Campbell didn’t want people to feel sorry for him or treat him any differently than anyone else. Therefore, characters in My Sister’s Keeper showed the quality of perseverance. The Five People You Meet in Heaven has the quality of perseverance in it too. The main character, Eddie, shows it throughout the whole book. The book starts with Eddie at an old age working at Ruby Pier. He is a hard worker, checking rides and their parts, always making sure that everything is safe with Ruby Pier as the head of maintenance. Then, when a ride breaks down after one of the cables snap, Eddie dies trying to save a little girl who would have been hit by the falling ride. After he goes to heaven, he meets and spends time with five people who affected his life and died before him, reliving his past and the pasts of others. As he relives his past, he struggles with remembering and discovering some hardships that he and others had to face throughout their lives. Yet with every person, he tries to find out whether or not he saved the little girl, never giving up on his question. As he goes from person to person, we are shown flashbacks of Eddie’s life that are filled with perseverance. One example is during his time as a soldier in a war. Eddie and the captain and some of his fellow soldiers were captured and taken as prisoners. The living conditions were horrible for them for months on end. They had to work in a mine, eat bug infested food, never shower, sleep in dirt and grime, and were at risk of being killed. One of Eddie’s comrades was even shot and killed after he got so sick that he couldn’t work in the mine. However, Eddie always looked for ways to escape. Finally, one day he saw one of his captors trying to juggle. Eddie took this as an opportunity, even though it was very risky, for escape. Eddie eventually got them all out of there after showing the guards his juggling skills and tricking them. No matter how tough life got for Eddie, he never gave up. Even after his father died and he was stuck working at Ruby Pier, he persevered. He continued to help support his mother and wife until they died. Even after his beloved wife died, he carried on, no matter how painful life was without her. Eddie showed great qualities throughout his life and afterlife, including that of perseverance. Both books have characters showing perseverance in the sense that they get on with their lives, never giving up and never giving in no matter how hard it gets. Also, in both books, it becomes clear in the end why the characters kept on going and didn’t stop, and how their perseverance affected others. In My Sister’s Keeper, Anna died in the end of the book in a car accident, and her kidney ended up being donated to Kate anyways. Yet Anna’s actions in life showed how much she loved her sister. Anna did want to donate her kidney to Kate in the first place because she would do just about anything to save her sister. In The Five People You Meet in Heaven, Eddie finds out in the end that all life stories are intertwined. People died instead of him and he died instead of the little girl. When he finds out he saved the little girl, he thinks his death wasn’t for nothing after all. In the end, Eddie discovers that his life did have a meaning, despite what he had thought. He worked so hard at Ruby Pier, and by keeping the rides safe, he helped so many people stay safe while riding them. Eddie thought that he had lived a pointless life that had no value, but instead he had saved many lives without even realizing it. Both My Sister’s Keeper and The Five People You Meet in Heaven show characters persevering through life, and never giving up or giving in, no matter what.

Structural Configurations for Organizations Assignment

Structural Configurations for Organizations - Assignment Example From the management point of view, this approach is credible. For instance, it is not possible for an organization to achieve optimum flexibility and specialization without continuous evolution of its structure. Web inclusion as a concept initiates new connections and link people thus exposing them to new organization methods. Consequently, continuous improvements on the existing organization structures can be initiated (Helgesen, 2005). Additional approach to structural configurations remained formulated by four authors including Veld, Schaap, Termeer and Twist in their book, â€Å"Autopoiesis and Configuration Theory†. Based on their approach, organizations operate within diverse environments and each has its individual way of integrating into the surrounding in terms of technological and structural configuration (Veld et al, 1991). The key point in this case is the fact that managers should view organizations as structural entities and avoid unnecessary fragmentation that would otherwise jeopardize the effectiveness of organizational activities. The pros of Helgesens’s approach over Mintzberg are the initiation of continuous improvement in organization structure, improved flexibility and specialization. However, process of continuously transiting into a new organizational structure may be complex and consequently disadvantageous. Similarly, advantage of the second approach is that the effectiveness of the organization is improved by centralization of its activities because they are viewed as a whole entity and not irrelevantly fragmented. Csaszar, Felipe A. 2012. "Organizational structure as a determinant of performance: Evidence from mutual funds." Strategic Management Journal 33, no. 6: 611-632. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed July 2,

A Teacher's Expectations of Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Teacher's Expectations of Students - Essay Example This is so that each student in a school will have goals that they should be obtaining in their learning each year. Without guidelines written in stone passed down from the state departments of education, there would be no map of direction for teachers to follow. When expectations are developed, whether true or not in reality, it can be perceived as being true. If these expectations are met, students experience a self-fulfillment prophecy (Stipek). In an average classroom, students on the first day of school will not only learn the name of their teacher, but they will be given a basic idea of what their classroom rules will be throughout the year or semester. Situations may arise and students may test their teachers patience with behavior but as long as guidelines for discipline are set in stone and every student is treated fairly, the students will learn to respect the unsaid expectations of the teacher. A teacher must enter his or her classroom that first day with a mapped out plan . With older students, a teacher might distribute a syllabus that describes the expectations and objectives of the class. However, with younger students, giving them a written out format like a syllabus may not be as useful because they may not be able to read it yet if they are very young or may not have the ability to interpret it well enough to make it apply to them personally. When a teacher expects a lot from his or her students, he or she has the ability to push them to learn. Through a teacher's own passion for learning and teaching, he or she can instill that same drive into the students' minds. When looking at students in grades fourth through sixth grades, this is a trying time to get the students to become more independent with their studies. They will be learning that they are in charge of completing their own assignments. It is also a crucial time when harder homework starts trickling in and the students begin to realize the importance of taking initiative to complete t heir assignments on time. In these grade levels, it is also still a time when it is normal to reward students for excellence by offering trinkets or other awards for a job well done. Students respond well to positive reinforcement. While they are not yet young adults and are not still young children, this age of students are in a transitional period. If a teacher rewards a student for a perfect score on a vocabulary test, it is evident that he or she is encouraging the students to push themselves to also receive perfect scores. This can then influence their academic achievements and improve their grades. This also gives them incentive to get a better grade next time. Sometimes teachers give their students materials that go beyond what other students their age are doing. If a fourth grader is given an eighth grade level book to read and write a report on, it is fulfilling because they are working with more advanced materials. This increases their mastery and productivity by exposing them to curriculum that is beyond regular achievement. Why reach for the clouds if you can touch the stars? If you dream it, you can become it. These are both statements that propose reaching for higher expectations. Students will achieve more if they are pushed to their boundaries and beyond. In the process, students will become brighter and more intelligent when exposed to curriculum that is above their grade level. Some expectations that would positively influence a student's achievements would be to

Portrayal Of Women In Womens Fashion Magazine Advertisements Media Essay

Portrayal Of Women In Womens Fashion Magazine Advertisements Media Essay Considerable numbers of research and commentary have shown that there are differences in female and male portrayals in print advertisements which are not exactly similar to the reality (Davis, 1970; Douglas, 1976). Generally, they include negative representations of women which effects mostly the younger generations (Matlin, 1987). According to Bardwick (1967), since the 1960s, there have been growing concerns about the womens portrayal in the media. Furthermore, Rakow (1985) stated that there was a renaissance of womens movement created awareness to the portrayal of women in the media in 1960s. In advertisements, there is a tendency to portray women as sex or fashion objects and homemakers (Wortzel et al, 1974). These stereotypes mostly do not acknowledge women in work or that they can be more than homemakers or sex objects. Furthermore, it may be concluded that stereotypes still exists since then and seems to reflect what behaviours are acceptable in the society. Media can play an important part in societies. Perse (2001) illustrated the effects of media illustrated as `cognitive, affective or behavioural`. Similarly, Lippmann (1922) discovered that mass communication can also be foundation of people`s perspective of the world. Therefore, people may also acquire values, norms and customs through media, in our case stereotypes. Baker (1996) one said When experiential knowledge does not exist, we often assume that images we see in film reflect reality. Moreover, Lippmann (1922) presented stereotypes in his book `Public Opinion` while describing them as pictures in our heads which help us to understand the world. Similarly, Bootzin (1991) described stereotypes as mental symbols which illustrate different kinds of people. These include all the knowledge that people have or believe to be largely true. One of the most perplexing and complex issues currently facing advertisers is how best to portray women in advertising. Feminist critiques were mostly focuses on the limited and unrealistic portrayals of women such as being dependent on men or under representation of women with their careers (Courtney et al, 1983; Wolf, 1991). Other critics, on the other hand, focus on the sexual representation of women in advertisement which objectifies women to sell the product (Reichert et al, 2004; Ford, 2004; Lambiase, 2003). Moreover, there are further accusations towards the advertisers about the womens dependency to men and promoting about something called ideal beauty and the increase in the sexual portrayals. Since advertising is a powerful tool for creating and spreading cultural ideals, and people are exposed to it constantly, it is not surprising that advertisements are targeted to such comments. The reason why I chose this topic is both by personal interest and desire to analyse the eff ects of stereotyping in women magazines. This study will investigate the stereotypes which exist in todays world connected with women in fashion magazine advertisements and measures to what extend female students in UK associates themselves with these portrayals. 1.1. Research Background Advertising may have developed over time and became a tool for endorsing the consumerist society; however it is also a tool for exchange of meanings by using products and services in todays world. According to Pawlowski (2007), in the world of branding, products are representation of certain meanings or beliefs and consumers are purchasing them in the belief that they are actually buying into a lifestyle or an image. Womens fashion magazines have become a common advertising tool because up to 95 per cent of the space in the womens magazines filled with advertisements (McCracken, 1993). The power of magazines may be coming from the variety of interest and needs that people have. As a result, we can conclude that this has created a demand for magazines with different focuses, such as general interest, automobile, fashion or women. In addition, Sanders (1985) suggested that there are different buying behaviours and motivations among men and women. According to Calder (2003), magazines c an be considered as brands and concluded that they have apparent individual character profiles that audiences appreciate as well as matching these characteristics to their own. It has been suggested that young women choose to read womens fashion magazines to learn about style and beauty (Levine et al, 1996). Calders (2003) research about magazine readers experiences ranked the most important motivations which make people read magazines. Table 1. Motivations for Reading a Magazine 1. I get value for my time and money 2. I like it (i.e. negative correlation with It disappoints me) 3. It makes me smarter/cleverer 4. Its my personal timeout 5. I often reflect on it 6. The stories absorb me 7. I learn things first here 8. Its part of my routine 9. I find the magazine high-quality and sophisticated 10. I trust it 11. I feel good when I read it 12. Its relevant and useful to me 13. Its brief and easy for me to read 14. I build relationships by talking about and sharing it 15. I find unique and surprising things 16. It improves me, and helps me try new things 17. I save and refer to it 18. I keep or share articles 19. I think others in the household would enjoy the magazine 20. Its for people like me Source: Calder et al. (2003: 13) Furthermore, the same study also investigated womens attitudes to womens fashion magazines and discovered that 69% of women sees advertisements in magazines as a source of information and trust the advertisements in the magazine (Calder et al, 2003). 1.2. Research Objective Based on the literature, this research will try to answer the question of how do female students relate themselves to the portrayal of women in womens fashion magazine advertisements. This question is designed to fill a gap in literature which exists among the analysis of portrayals women in advertisements and if advertisements reflects the female students in the UK. The study is focused on UK; however there are referrals to researches from other countries where they discovered proofs of a kind which may not be applied in the UK. Main objective for this thesis is to answer the research question by analysing the aim and the effectiveness of advertisements and gender stereotypes, and responses of the participants. Structure of the Dissertation Chapter 1 starts with providing an introduction to the subject, briefly explains the reasons behind magazine advertising and presenting the research objective as well as describing the structure of dissertation. Chapter 2 discusses the previous studies related with the subject and reviews the concepts of advertising, gender, gender stereotypes, gender portrayals in advertisement and feminist critique. Chapter 3 introduces the method this research will adopt and explains the reasoning behind the selection while providing information about research process and data analysis. Chapter 4 reports the findings of focus group research and links the concepts to the theory. Chapter 5 presents the conclusion of the research in accordance to the analysis of the findings and discuss the implications and limitations to provide a direction for future researchers. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1. Introduction to Literature Many studies about advertising and consumer research analysed variety of reactions toward an advertisement (Derbaix, 1995; Sengupta et al, 2008). Similar to this case, researchers such as Goffman (1979), have investigated the gender representation in advertising, especially sexual representation of women different than men, researchers has tried to explore the responses of women as well as the effect. However, can women associates themselves to these representations? Do they perceive these images negatively or positively? According to Sengupta (2008), responses of men and women to the use of stereotypical portrayals in advertising, mainly the magazines, have hardly been explored. A relative research of womens magazine emphasising on sexuality could introduce new results, specifically if it illustrated womens perceptions in positive or negative light. This study will attempt to fill the gap in the literature with investigating these questions. Goffman (1979) defined advertisements as `commercial realism`, which means the portrayals are hyper ritualized and edited,  and Hammer (2009) suggested that advertisements are portraying the world `in ways that could be real`. On the other hand, Schudson (1984) said that abstraction which is not dependent of characteristics, associations or managing something as a concept, is vital in advertising in terms of meanings and aesthetic. This could mean that advertising relies on these meanings. Furthermore, designing a world in advertisements does not have to be real or purely fantasy which he defined as `capitalist realism`. In contrast, realism defined as a fact which characterizes a person, an object or a circumstance that is true or accurate. These two concepts, abstraction and reality, can be combined in advertisements. Advertisements may create a balance between different concepts; gender and sexuality seems to be more effective in our culture. According to Hammer (2009), advertisements are promoting the questions of gender and sex in a cultural discourse. These concepts will be analysed further in this research. Relevant analyses have provided an insight for the context of this analysis. It has been suggested that in terms of reaching the consumers, especially the younger generation, there has been a shift toward modern and innovative forms of marketing (Schmitt, 1999) such as social networks. However, rationality may not always be the case in advertising (Fill, 2009). The review of literature in this study has focused on these subjects; advertising as a form of communication and its affects to the society, existing stereotypes of women, the way advertising portrays women according to this stereotypes and the feminist critique. 2.2. Advertisements Advertising images are a central part of the experienced visual world. Reality and advertising do not constitute two separate spheres acting upon one another; advertising and the mass media contribute to the visual landscape that constructs reality. Schroeder et al, 1998 Advertising is a tool to form gender identities as well as culture. Likewise, McCracken (1987) explained that advertising is reflecting cultural values and presents them through media, and Kernan (1993) suggested that advertising mainly shapes the gender identity. According to Berger (2004), advertising can be regarded as a type of communication that is influential and effective which can also use sexploitation of the female body as an instrument. According to Wilson (1995), the beauty stereotypes were promoted in a sexual way through advertising media which has the motivation (profit), the means (media exposure) and the instruments (language and photos). Although these stereotypes can be considered as unrealistic, it is accessible to every woman. Furthermore, Pawlowski (2007) argues that these stereotypes have been created to maintain `dominant ideologies` for preserving commercial interest. On the other hand, Holbrook (1982) suggested that tangible benefits which describes utilitar ian meanings of goods and services also been widely used in advertising same as experiential perspectives which presents symbolic indications of subjective attributions. Similarly, according to Schroeder (1998), the visual images could create meanings to consumers in different ways. To create a relation between the images and meanings, Berger (1989) presented four processes: cause and effect, signification, resemblance and convention. Moreover, to create resemblance in targeted consumers mind, advertisers probably use `typical` people in advertisements. Schwartz (1974) discussed the aim of designing an advertisement. According to him, it is the creation of `pleasurable emotions` which will be prompt by the product in the market. He also said that `I do not care what number of people remember or get the message. I am concerned with how people are affected by the stimuli` (Schwartz, 1974). Davidson (1992) argued that advertisements in many womens magazines, aims to promote the idea of material needs and anxiety to women within the construction of the good life. He defines the idea of good life as a mythic world which contains perfect people enjoying numerous of product. Jhally (2000), on the other hand, claimed that these ideas are unattainable and advertising is not supposed to show how people should act but reflects how people desire; which is a paradox, because these unattainable desires are the reason why women are attracted to womens fashion magazines (Pawlowski, 2007). On the other hand, Brierly (1995) argues that advertising is about a form of fantasy and escapism which means that it does not describe the reality. Some contemporary advertisements does not even state the product or service such as Levi`s commercial `Kevin the Hamster` from 1988. The ad considered as one of most surreal ads ever which introduces a hamster running in his wheel named Kevin. In the end, the wheel breaks and Kevin dies of boredom. Until the Levi`s logo shows up, nobody knows what product or which brand was being promoted. Williamson (1978) explained that abstract connections can be made among lifestyles and brands that consumers transfer meanings in the advertisements onto the product. Cultural perceptions also dictate a prominence on the `intertextual nature` of advertisements and their correlation to the wider cultural discussion on gender identities and femininity (Sandikci, 1998). While the concepts are intertextual, which they are based on prior texts; meanings of ads are also connected with other cultural texts (Goldman, 1992). According to Sandikci (1998), this occurrence was mostly disregarded by many empirical researches about portrayal of women in advertising. Then again, women are constantly subjected to different kinds of images and portrayals of femininity. These portrayals are also taking place in other media forms and the effect of such exposure influences how any specific representation will be interpreted (Sandikci, 1998), which could mean that audiences may transfer meanings from one media form to another through these interpretations. On the other hand, some researchers proposed that there many possible reactions and women can actually resist or alter the meanings of these meanings (Davis et al, 1993; Wilson, 1985). The effect of advertisements in the society was mentioned in this research and similarly, Moschis (1978) explained that gender role portrayals in the ads are influencing self-concept, achievement aspiration and self-images of the members` in a society. Since the 1960s, gender stereotypes in advertising are subjected to many debates (Odekerken-Schroder et al, 2002). Furthermore, these portrayals appeared to be increased in many ways recently (Ferguson et al, 1990). 2.2.1. Sex in Advertisements Previous researches discovered that women are portrayed as `heterosexual masculine desire` in magazine ads (Reichert et al, 2004; Baker, 2005). Ford (2008) defined the gender portrayals and sexual practices as abnormal, pathologic, and deviant and associated them with the political economy and social culture. In the western cultures sex is a natural behaviour of a human biology but `normal gender roles, sexuality, and sexual practice` can be varied among cultures (Foucault, 1988). Furthermore, Rubin (1984) described sex as a natural force that exists prior to social life. On the other hand, Ford (2008) argued that gender and sexual norms shaped by ` material bodies` within the cultures which they exist. Similar to Foucault, Hofstede (1998) also suggested that the womens objectification and sexuality in magazines can be different based on cultural values and equality of the sexes. In advertising, the perception of sex sells is still widely popular (Reichert et al, 2004) and sex has been used extensively to sell more than just products. Ford (2008) explained that advertisers also promote trends, ideas and stereotypes which could mean that they can give sexual meanings, implicit or explicit, to every product as well as attracting consumers with the fantasy of sex. According to the study of Cosmopolitan Magazine, the idea of sexual freedom, lower political authoritarianism and using models from the western countries have caused more sexuality in magazine ads (Nelson et al, 2005). Based Lambiase`s (2003) research about erotic rhetoric in advertising in magazines, it can be concluded that these messages which are assembled visually are extremely persuasive. On the other hand, these researchers were only selected advertisements which include sexual contents that are not related to the products` attributes or usage; but it was found that these ads either implicitly o r explicitly offers the promise of sexual benefits (Liambiase et al, 2003). However, these analyses create more in depth understanding of the messages behind advertising visuals. Some researchers discovered that level of sexuality, in fact, increased over time (Pawlowski, 2007). Reichert (2004) measured the level of sexuality in magazine based on an extension of a research about advertisements in 1983 and 1993; analysed them from 2003 by using Goffmans coding analysis. This coding analysis includes five categories as relative size, function ranking, feminine touch, ritualization of subordination and licenced withdrawal (Goffman, 1976). Findings of the study revealed that women are still portrayed in the same stereotypes and being objectified; however the level of sexuality rose over time. According to Jacobsen (1995), sexual contents are being used more than before to reach consumers. Furthermore, it has been suggested that the degree of nakedness remained at the same level in the ads (Soley at al, 1986), number of models who are objectified sexually in the images increased over time. (Kilbourne (2005) argued that young and beautiful individuals are mostly po rtrayed as sexual objects and especially, young adolescents are exposed to these sexual images through the media. Furthermore, she concluded that it is not possible to measure the effects of these exposures. Particularly, products such as clothing or fragrance are advertised in more sexualised way due to their nature. (Reichert, 2004). 2.3. Research on Advertising and Gender Schroeder (1998) explained that in media images, social psychologists agree that there are differences in gender portrayals. According to Pollock (2001), visual images have a significant part in the creation of gender identities, which may not display the reality. Belkaoui (1976) suggested that previous empirical researches had been very limited with the purpose of portraying the role of women in advertisements and the changes in the view female roles. Similarly, Schroeder (1998) explained that the differences in male and female portrayals and their effects are being subjected to researches recently. In advertising, most of these differences can also affect the level of gender stereotyping of a given country. Although there are no such laws yet, EUs Womens Rights Committee and European Parliament suggested that any kind of gender stereotyping in the media should be banned (Rice, 2012). In addition, media researchers showed their concerns about stereotyping of women previously and som e of them approached to the subject empirically. 2.3.1 Advertisements, Arts and Gender In order to find out the presentation of women in advertisements, Schroeder (1998) analysed the relationship between arts, gender and advertising. He concluded that descriptions are the basic point of interpretation which both arts and advertising includes. It could mean that descriptive images such as a light, genre and subject are the basic point of interpretation. Advertising has also been described as ` aesthetic objects` (Schroeder, 2004). According to Lury (1996), consumption was `aestheticized` through fashion, style and incorporation of arts through the creativity inside the advertising campaigns. In addition, Schroeder (1998) suggested that advertising acquired some methods form art history, to portray the women and highlight the difference between genders. Schroeder (1998) suggested that representation of gender differences in arts involves the nudity, women in captivity, and portrayals of male leaders often with armours. According to Bohm-Duchen (1992), in terms of cultural standards about looks and attractiveness, female body is the main interest. Berger (1972) also highlighted the connection between art and advertisements. There is a similarity between women portrayal in arts and advertising; and Berger (1972) explained this theory by quoting from art history sources. He concluded that the way of seeing women and images which portrays them has not changed since then. Schroeder (1998) agrees Bohm-Duchen by suggesting that women are perceived ` voyeuristically` and being `fantasized`. In addition, women seem to be characterised in a passive way in both art and advertising. Berger (1972) concluded that women are portrayed different than men; the reason is not because of the difference between femininity and masculinity, but the main focus is to be appeal to male audience. It has been concluded that advertising uses many methods from art portray women and mostly, this supports the inequality between ge nders. 2.3.2. Gender Portrayals It has been suggested that gender role portrayals creates a problem when advertisers prefers to portray a woman (Whipple, 1985). According to Pawlowski (2007), advertising demonstrates a persons role in the society, especially when it comes to gender and sex; and depends onto the established representations of gender. In addition, advertising can also play an important role in shaping the perceptions of the society about gender. It was concluded in the study of Courtney and Lockeretzs (1971) about the portrayal of roles of women in women magazines that women have very limited roles in advertisements. Venkatesh (1994) investigated the perspectives of market researchers and customers about women. According to his research, women tend to be viewed as a wife, homemaker, hostess, mother, or a single girl preparatory to these roles (Davis, 1970). Similarly, Rajagopal (2002) explained that woman has one of three roles in their portrayal in advertisements which are not truly `represent women s diversity: sex or beauty symbol, mother and housewife. ` Furthermore, Scanzoni (1977) highlighted other roles of women outside the family; for instance, business woman or professional employee, which can be called social roles, were taken into little or no consideration. On the other hand, it was concluded that women are regularly be associated with two kinds of social representation; desirability and aggressiveness (Umiker-Sebeok 1981). Similar to Schroeder (1998), Linder (2004) have analysed the effects of gender roles in the media and concluded that stereotypes in gender portrayals are still applied in advertising even today. However, this is a startling outcome since there are social and cultural changes about womens status in the society since 1950s. On the other hand, especially womens fashion magazines such as Vogue, these changes have not been affected; since there are significantly higher amount of stereotypical portrayals. Furthermore, Linder (2004) concluded that stereotypical or sexualized representations are the key method of portraying women. `This portrayal of women as inferior and flawed is a necessity for the existence of a womens fashion magazines such as Vogue, which is primarily a means for advertising and selling products that are suggested to be a cure for womens feelings of inferiority and inappropriateness (Linder, 2004). This could justify the enduring stereotypes in womens fashion magazines throughout time. These unrealistic promises may create insecurities and inferiority complex. Goffman (1979) defines the representation of female body in fashion advertisements as `puckish styling` and explaining it as `a sort of body clowning`. However, MacCracken (1993) argues that these advertisements are within a `dominant moral order`. Although an advertisement sells an image or an idea, women should be able to choose what message they would like to give or how they would like to present themselves to the world. One of the criticisms is about the difference in genders portrayal in advertisements. Schroeder (1998) explained that non-verbal behaviours and abilities vary among genders. Gender representation in advertisements has been subjected to several studies. Rajagopal (2002) also studied the effects of advertisements on portraying different gender images. It has been found that there is a significant bias in representation of both genders. According to Milburn, Carney and Ramirez (2001), males are mainly more knowledgeable, active (such as running) and authoritative; o n the other hand females are more likely to be young and dressed in more revealing clothes and not very active as males (such as sitting). Goffman, in his book Gender Advertisement (1979), argued that `women are treated as children` in advertising. He explained that, in order to identify the difference between men and women in advertisements, parent-child relationship should be examined. In advertisements, men tend to be portrayed as the parent whereas women behave as a child. For instance, Goffman (1979) figured that, in ads, a men`s hands portrayed as strongly holding an item and has the power to manipulate it, while women`s hand is just touching the item and not have the full power to control it. Another example is, in many advertisements, women are mentally wandering away under the protection of a male or women appears in finger to mouth position which reminds a children`s behaviour. Another argument is, in magazine advertisements, womens body was shown more frequently than the images of mens body (Hall et al, 1994). Jung (2009) argued that these objectifications of women are connected with the gender stereotypes wh ich come from the womens portrayal in the media. Similar to Courtney and Lockeretz (1971), Goffman (1979) proposed that standards of femininity and masculinity have been created by the help of advertisements and explained the signs of gender stereotypes in advertising: women have less prestigious profession; men are in control of the situations and making eye contact with audiences while women looking at a distance place or a male model whom can protect her or simply drifting mentally; women self-touching herself which shows the female body as gentle and fragile whereas men grasp, shape or product an item. As a result, women seem to be perceived as objects that are desired by men and these stereotypes are emphasized on sexuality. Furthermore, these images of women body exists predominantly in womens fashion magazines (Ferguson et al, 1990). Evidently, there is a difference between womens sexual representation in contrast to men. Nevertheless, the degree of sexuality in womens magazi nes and consumers reaction has barely been studied (Pawlowski, 2007). Richins (1991) analysed the responses of female undergraduate students to models in ads and discovered that women are constantly compare their bodies with models which results in dissatisfaction of their physical experiences. Although, the aim of advertising is to sell the product; products becomes less effective to the desired appearance or audiences are not convinced enough to buy them (Thomas, 2000). Curry (1998) suggested that the ideals of beauty portrayed in the magazines are not attainable and some people think that these portrayals are not realistic. According to Whipple (1985), advertisers tend to ask the question of `What model- product pairings will be most effective in creating favourable consumer attitudes? ` He concluded that the choices are based on the attitude towards the appropriateness of the combinations and previous information about the target segment. As a result, stereotypes become an issue. For instance, men are be portrayed with electronics or automobiles wh ile women are being portrayed with household products (Aireck, 1982). Current studies suggest that female models shown in the advertisements started to embrace male roles such as being powerful and authoritarian (Schroeder, 1998). On the other hand, Stern (1994) discussed that these reversed roles are the result of a strategy, which is showing products more attractive and appeal to men. Moreover, it was indicated that women are more aware of the stereotypes in advertising than men (Odekerken-Schroder et al, 2002). On the other hand, Wortzel and Frisbie (1974) discovered that gender preferences are affected by the functions of a product rather than societies opinion. However, Sciglimpaglia (1979) argues that when womens role in a society is less traditional, criticism towards the current portrayal in advertising is higher. Society members` `self-image, achievement aspiration and self-concept` are influenced by these portrayals in advertisements (Moschis et al, 1998). Myers (1992) associated the ideal body image with the good life image which could drive people to pursue such images whether it is achievable or not. However, Patterson (2002) explained that the reliability of these images as a symbol of femininity is being questioned, if it could be transformed and reconstructed in order to represent the roles. The beauty portrayals have been idealised and exists for al l age demographics. Possibly, teenagers are more easily influenced age demographic and teenagers are possibly the most influenced demographic and older women seem to be kept in the side-line. On the other hand, some campaigns are using more realistic representations and challenging the stereotypes by ` celebrating the diverse, the healthy, the real, and the truly beautiful such as the Dove Campaign for Real Beauty (Patterson, 2006). The Dove ad campaign rejects the conventional beauty stereotypes and instead, shows women in many ages, sizes and shapes. According to Neff (2004), the campaign undermines the basic proposition of decades of beauty-care advertising. The ad campaign portrays average women with variety of images and asking rhetorical questions as wrinkled or wonderful? which is regarded as unattractive in contemporary advertising world. Examples of the ad campaign are shown below. http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Tuh1CXp_vRM/TzRUfToFpAI/AAAAAAAAAE4/2iLCJqa_bLA/s1600/realcurves1.pnghttp://www.wonderbranding.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/dove_wideweb__430x327.jpg Schroeder (2004) concluded that advertising has function of spreading gender roles and setting identities, while Patterson (2002) explains gender as a dominant concept in advertising. Moreover, Myers (1992) suggested that creation and reinforcement of gender identities has been supported by advertising as well as broadcasting them. Similarly to the recent changes in advertising (Dove campaign or advocates in the EU Parliament), it has been suggested that there has been a substantial improvement in emphasizing womans expanding role as a working member of society (Wagner, 1973); especially with the influence of womens movement in the American society (Venkatesh, 1980). Especially in demographically varied womens magazines, higher female employments resulted in changes in the portrayal of women such as more professional, independent and confident images (Chafetz et al, 1993). As a result, it can be concluded that increasing number of women